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Credit --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans

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Le financement est essentiel pour le commerce international et les agences mondiales officielles de crédits d'export jouent un rôle primordial en fournissant des prêts, des garanties et des assurances. Le périodique Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE propose des rapports par pays décrivant les crédits d'export officiels les pays membres de l'OCDE et des économies non membres. Pris ensemble, ces systèmes représentent l'écrasante majorité de crédit à l'exportation de l'appui fourni par les gouvernements au niveau mondial. Les rapports par pays sont mis à jour de temps en temps.

Credit --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans --- Luxembourg

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Despite a world awash with liquidity, large infrastructure supply gaps exist across developing and emerging markets. Infrastructure has been largely decentralized to subnational governments in many countries, and many policymakers are keenly interested in developing subnational bond markets to give subnational governments access to private financing for infrastructure. Despite this, the transaction costs of bond issuance are still prohibitive for many subnational governments to access financing. Pooled financing, through regional infrastructure funds, municipal funds, or bond banks, has become a sought-after solution for helping subnational governments access private financing for infrastructure. In the United States, municipal bond banks that were established since the 1970s have become a cost-effective and stable model for expanding subnational financing for many small municipalities, while maintaining strong credit ratings with virtually no defaults from sub-borrowers. The municipal bond banks have been successful in lowering financing costs for many small, unrated local governments, with loan sizes as low as less than USD 50,000. This paper examines the policies and structures that have made pooled financing successful in the United States, including regulatory frameworks, governance and managerial systems, the role of project appraisal, operations and pricing, and managing the default risks of borrowers. The paper also explores broader lessons for developing countries that are interested in establishing pooled financing for subnational infrastructure.

Decentralization --- Fiscal Systems --- Infrastructure Financing --- Intergovernmental Relations --- Local Borrowing --- Pooled Financing --- Public Investment --- State Borrowing

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While serving as the first Treasury Secretary from 1789 to 1795, Alexander Hamilton engineered a financial revolution. Hamilton established the Treasury debt market, the dollar, and a central bank, while strategically prompting private entrepreneurs to establish securities markets and stock exchanges and encouraging state governments to charter a number of commercial banks and other business corporations. Yet despite a recent surge of interest in Hamilton, U.S. financial modernization has not been fully recognized as one of his greatest achievements.This book traces the development of Hamilton's financial thinking, policies, and actions through a selection of his writings. The financial historians and Hamilton experts Richard Sylla and David J. Cowen provide commentary that demonstrates the impact Hamilton had on the modern economic system, guiding readers through Hamilton's distinguished career. The book showcases Hamilton's thoughts on the nation's founding, the need for a strong central government, confronting problems such as a depreciating paper currency and weak public credit, and the architecture of the financial system. His great state papers on public credit, the national bank, the mint, and manufactures instructed reform of the nation's finances and jumpstarted economic growth. Hamilton practiced what he preached: he played a key role in the founding of three banks and a manufacturing corporation, and his deft political maneuvering and economic savvy saved the fledgling republic's economy during the country's first full-blown financial crisis in 1792. Sylla and Cowen center Hamilton's writings on finance among his most important accomplishments, making his brilliance as an economic policy maker accessible to all interested in this Founding Father's legacy.

Finance --- Credit --- Debt --- Borrowing --- Money --- Loans --- E-books

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Credit --- History. --- -Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans --- History --- -History --- Crédit --- Histoire --- Borrowing --- France --- Paris (France) --- Credit - France - Paris - History.